Nota Belajar Bahasa Inggeris Untuk Muka Surat 1 100 Berdasarkan Buku High School English Grammar And Composition

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Nota belajar Bahasa Inggeris untuk muka surat 1–10 berdasarkan buku High School English Grammar and Composition (Wren & Martin). Saya ringkaskan setiap muka surat supaya mudah faham:
📄 Page 1 – The Sentence Sentence = kumpulan perkataan dengan makna lengkap.
Jenis-jenis ayat:
Assertive (Pernyataan) → She goes to school.
Interrogative (Soalan) → Where are you going?
Imperative (Arahan/Permintaan) → Close the door.
Exclamatory (Seruan) → What a beautiful day!
📄 Page 2 – Subject & Predicate Subject = bahagian yang menunjukkan siapa/apa yang dibicarakan.
Predicate = apa yang diterangkan tentang subjek.
Contoh: Birds fly.
Subject = Birds
Predicate = fly
📄 Page 3 – Phrase & Clause Phrase = kumpulan perkataan tanpa subjek + kata kerja. (contoh: in the garden).
Clause = kumpulan perkataan ada subjek + kata kerja. (contoh: She sings well).
📄 Page 4 – Parts of Speech 8 jenis kata dalam English:
Noun – nama (boy, pen)
Pronoun – ganti nama (he, she)
Adjective – sifat (big, tall)
Verb – kata kerja (eat, run)
Adverb – menerangkan verb/adjective (quickly, very)
Preposition – menunjukkan hubungan (in, on, under)
Conjunction – penghubung (and, but, because)
Interjection – kata seru (oh!, wow!)
📄 Page 5 – The Noun: Kinds of Nouns Proper noun: nama khas (Ali, London).
Common noun: nama umum (boy, city).
Collective noun: kumpulan (team, crowd).
Abstract noun: idea/sifat (honesty, beauty).
📄 Page 6 – The Noun: Gender Masculine: lelaki (king, uncle).
Feminine: perempuan (queen, aunt).
Common gender: boleh lelaki/perempuan (child, friend).
Neuter gender: benda mati (book, table).
📄 Page 7 – The Noun: Number Singular: satu (boy, pen).
Plural: lebih dari satu (boys, pens).
Peraturan plural:
Tambah –s (book → books).
Tambah –es (class → classes).
Tukar huruf (man → men, child → children).
📄 Page 8 – The Noun: Case Nominative case → noun sebagai subjek. (Ali kicks the ball.)
Objective case → noun sebagai objek. (The boy kicks the ball.)
Possessive case → menunjukkan hak milik. (Ali’s book, the boy’s toy).
📄 Page 9 – The Adjective Adjective = menerangkan noun.
Contoh: a beautiful flower, an honest man.
Jenis:
Adjective of quality (kind, honest).
Adjective of quantity (some, much).
Numeral adjective (one, first).
Demonstrative (this, those).
Interrogative (which, what).
Possessive (my, your).
📄 Page 10 – Comparison of Adjectives Positive degree: tall
Comparative degree: taller (Ali is taller than Abu).
Superlative degree: tallest (Ali is the tallest boy).
Beza:
one-syllable → tambah -er/-est (big → bigger → biggest).
banyak suku kata → guna more/most (beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful).
📄 Page 11 – Adjectives used as Nouns Kadang-kadang adjective digunakan sebagai noun.
Contoh:
The rich should help the poor. (rich = orang kaya, poor = orang miskin).
Kata sifat boleh jadi:
Nama kumpulan (the blind, the deaf).
Menunjukkan sesuatu (the beautiful = perkara yang indah).
📄 Page 12 – Position of Adjectives Biasanya adjective datang sebelum noun: a good boy.
Boleh datang selepas verb tertentu: The boy is tall.
Nota: Sesetengah adjective mesti digunakan selepas verb (contoh: afraid, alive, alone).
📄 Page 13 – Correct Use of Some Adjectives Beza antara adjective yang hampir sama maksud.
Contoh:
Each vs Every
Some vs Any
Little vs A little vs The little
Latihan diberikan untuk guna adjective dengan tepat.
📄 Page 14 – Articles A / An digunakan untuk singular noun yang tidak spesifik.
a book, an apple.
The digunakan untuk sesuatu yang spesifik.
the sun, the book on the table.
Nota: Tiada article untuk benda umum: Sugar is sweet.
📄 Page 15 – Personal Pronouns Pronoun = ganti nama.
Orang pertama: I, we, me, us.
Orang kedua: you.
Orang ketiga: he, she, it, they, him, her, them.
Pronoun mesti selaras dengan kata kerja:
He is, bukan He are.
📄 Page 16 – Reflexive & Emphatic Pronouns Reflexive pronoun: menunjukkan tindakan kembali kepada subjek.
I hurt myself.
Emphatic pronoun: untuk penekanan.
I myself saw it.
📄 Page 17 – Demonstrative, Indefinite & Distributive Pronouns Demonstrative: this, that, these, those.
Indefinite: some, any, none, all, few, many.
Distributive: each, either, neither.
Contoh:
Neither answer is correct.
Each boy got a prize.
📄 Page 18 – Relative Pronouns Digunakan untuk sambung ayat.
Who – untuk manusia (subjek).
Whom – untuk manusia (objek).
Whose – menunjukkan milik.
Which – untuk benda/haiwan.
That – boleh ganti who/which.
Contoh: This is the boy who won the prize.
📄 Page 19 – Interrogative Pronouns Digunakan untuk soalan.
Contoh: who, whom, whose, which, what.
Contoh ayat:
Who is there?
Whose book is this?
📄 Page 20 – The Verb
Verb = kata kerja / kata tindakan.
Jenis verb:
Transitive verb – ada objek (Ali kicks the ball).
Intransitive verb – tiada objek (The baby cries).
Nota: Sesetengah verb boleh jadi dua-dua bergantung pada ayat.
She sings well (intransitive).
She sings a song (transitive).



📄 Page 21 – The Verb: Person & Number Verb mesti selaras dengan orang dan bilangan subjek.
Contoh:
He goes (bukan He go).
They go (bukan They goes).
Orang pertama (I/we), orang kedua (you), orang ketiga (he/she/it/they).
📄 Page 22 – The Verb: Transitive & Intransitive Transitive verb: perlu objek. → Ali kicks the ball.
Intransitive verb: tidak perlukan objek. → The baby cries.
Nota: Ada verb boleh jadi dua-dua.
He runs fast (intransitive).
He runs a company (transitive).
📄 Page 23 – Active & Passive Voice Active voice: subjek buat tindakan. → The boy kicks the ball.
Passive voice: subjek menerima tindakan. → The ball is kicked by the boy.
Gunakan passive jika tumpuan pada objek/tindakan, bukan pelaku.
📄 Page 24 – Mood Indicative mood: menyatakan fakta/soalan. → He goes to school.
Imperative mood: arahan/perintah. → Close the door.
Subjunctive mood: harapan/andaian. → If I were a bird…
📄 Page 25 – Tenses (Pengenalan) Tense = menunjukkan masa sesuatu berlaku.
3 bentuk utama:
Present (sekarang)
Past (lepas)
Future (akan datang)
Setiap satu ada Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous.
📄 Page 26 – Simple Present Tense Digunakan untuk:
Fakta umum (The sun rises in the east.)
Kebiasaan (He plays football every day.)
Kata kerja tambah -s/-es untuk orang ketiga singular.
He plays, She goes.
📄 Page 27 – Present Continuous Tense Bentuk: is/are/am + verb-ing.
Digunakan untuk:
Perkara sedang berlaku (She is reading now.)
Perkara sementara (They are living in KL this month.)
📄 Page 28 – Present Perfect Tense Bentuk: have/has + past participle.
Digunakan untuk:
Tindakan baru selesai (I have eaten.)
Pengalaman (She has visited London.)
Tindakan berterusan dari dulu hingga sekarang (They have lived here for 5 years.)
📄 Page 29 – Present Perfect Continuous Tense Bentuk: have/has been + verb-ing.
Digunakan untuk:
Perkara bermula dulu dan masih berterusan (I have been studying for two hours.)
Tekankan durasi sesuatu aktiviti.
📄 Page 30 – Simple Past Tense Digunakan untuk: tindakan yang sudah selesai pada masa lepas.
Contoh:
He went to school yesterday.
They played football last week.
Kata kerja biasanya bentuk lampau: go → went, play → played.


📄 Page 31 – Past Continuous Tense Bentuk: was/were + verb-ing.
Digunakan untuk:
Perkara yang sedang berlaku pada masa lampau.
He was reading when I came.
Dua perkara berlaku serentak pada masa lalu.
While she was cooking, the children were playing.
📄 Page 32 – Past Perfect Tense Bentuk: had + past participle.
Digunakan untuk:
Tindakan selesai sebelum tindakan lain di masa lalu.
He had left before I arrived.
Peristiwa masa lalu yang sudah selesai.
📄 Page 33 – Past Perfect Continuous Tense Bentuk: had been + verb-ing.
Digunakan untuk:
Tindakan bermula pada masa lalu dan berterusan hingga masa lalu yang lain.
He had been working for two hours before they arrived.
📄 Page 34 – Simple Future Tense Bentuk: shall/will + verb.
Digunakan untuk:
Perkara akan datang. → I will go tomorrow.
Janji / tekad. → I will help you.
📄 Page 35 – Future Continuous Tense Bentuk: shall/will be + verb-ing.
Digunakan untuk:
Tindakan yang akan sedang berlaku pada masa depan tertentu.
I will be reading at 8 p.m.
📄 Page 36 – Future Perfect Tense Bentuk: shall/will have + past participle.
Digunakan untuk:
Tindakan selesai sebelum masa tertentu di masa depan.
I will have finished the work by tomorrow.
📄 Page 37 – Future Perfect Continuous Tense Bentuk: shall/will have been + verb-ing.
Digunakan untuk:
Tindakan yang berterusan hingga waktu tertentu pada masa depan.
By next year, I will have been teaching for 10 years.
📄 Page 38 – Sequence of Tenses (Peraturan) Bila ayat utama dalam past tense, klausa ikutannya biasanya ikut past tense juga.
Contoh:
He said that he was ill.
She said that she had finished her work.
📄 Page 39 – Sequence of Tenses (Pengecualian) Jika ayat menunjukkan kebenaran umum, tense tidak berubah.
Contoh:
The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun. (bukan moved).
📄 Page 40 – Direct & Indirect Speech (Pengenalan) Direct speech: kata-kata asal → He said, “I am tired.”
Indirect speech: kata-kata dilaporkan → He said that he was tired.
Perubahan tense berlaku bila tukar dari direct → indirect.


📄 Page 41 – Rules for Indirect Speech (1) Bila tukar direct → indirect:
Simple present → simple past.
He said, “I write a letter.” → He said that he wrote a letter.
Present continuous → past continuous.
He said, “I am writing a letter.” → He said that he was writing a letter.
📄 Page 42 – Rules for Indirect Speech (2) Present perfect → past perfect.
Past tense → past perfect.
Future (shall/will) → should/would.
He said, “I shall go.” → He said that he would go.
📄 Page 43 – Pronouns in Indirect Speech Ganti nama mesti ikut subjek & objek ayat.
He said, “I am happy.” → He said that he was happy.
She said to me, “You are late.” → She told me that I was late.
📄 Page 44 – Adverbs in Indirect Speech Perubahan kata keterangan masa/tempat:
now → then
today → that day
yesterday → the previous day
tomorrow → the next day
here → there
📄 Page 45 – Questions in Indirect Speech Soalan yes/no: guna if/whether.
He said, “Are you well?” → He asked if I was well.
Soalan wh- ikut perkataan asal.
He said, “Where do you live?” → He asked where I lived.
📄 Page 46 – Commands & Requests in Indirect Speech Guna told/asked + to-infinitive.
He said, “Open the door.” → He told me to open the door.
He said, “Please help me.” → He requested me to help him.
📄 Page 47 – Exclamations & Wishes in Indirect Speech Guna kata kerja seperti exclaimed, wished, prayed.
He said, “What a fine day!” → He exclaimed that it was a very fine day.
He said, “May God bless you.” → He prayed that God might bless me.
📄 Page 48 – The Verb: Principal & Auxiliary Principal verb = kata kerja utama (eat, run, write).
Auxiliary verb = kata kerja bantu.
be, have, do → auxiliary utama.
shall, will, may, can, must → modal auxiliary.
📄 Page 49 – Uses of Auxiliary “Be, Have, Do” Be: membentuk continuous & passive.
I am writing, He was punished.
Have: membentuk perfect tense.
I have seen, They had gone.
Do: untuk soalan & penekanan.
Do you play? I do like tea.
📄 Page 50 – Modal Auxiliaries Modal verbs: shall, will, can, may, must, ought to, need, dare, used to.
Guna untuk tunjuk kemungkinan, keperluan, kewajipan, izin.
You must obey rules.
He can swim.
May I come in?


📄 Page 51 – Modal Verbs (Uses) Shall: janji, tekad (I shall return.).
Will: kesanggupan, kebiasaan (He will help you.).
Should: nasihat, kewajipan (You should study.).
Would: kesanggupan dulu, kesopanan (He would sit for hours.).
📄 Page 52 – More on Modal Verbs May: izin, kemungkinan (May I come in? / It may rain.).
Might: kemungkinan kecil (He might be late.).
Must: kewajipan kuat, kepastian (You must obey. / He must be ill.).
Ought to: kewajipan moral (We ought to help the poor.).
📄 Page 53 – Modal Verbs (Need & Dare) Need: keperluan (You need not come.).
Dare: keberanian / cabaran (He dared not speak. / How dare you say so!).
📄 Page 54 – Passive Voice (Pengenalan) Bentuk: be + past participle.
Contoh:
Active: He writes a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by him.
Digunakan bila tumpuan pada tindakan/objek, bukan pelaku.
📄 Page 55 – Passive Voice (Tenses) Present: A letter is written.
Past: A letter was written.
Future: A letter will be written.
Perfect: A letter has been written.
📄 Page 56 – Passive Voice (Modal Verbs) Bentuk: modal + be + past participle.
Contoh:
The work must be done.
The letter can be posted.
📄 Page 57 – Infinitives (Pengenalan) Infinitive = to + verb (to go, to eat).
Digunakan sebagai:
Subjek (To err is human.).
Objek (I like to read.).
Tujuan (He went to school to study.).
📄 Page 58 – Infinitives (Bare & Split) Bare infinitive: tanpa to (let him go, make him do).
Split infinitive: to + adverb + verb (to boldly go).
Elakkan split infinitive dalam penulisan formal.
📄 Page 59 – Participles (Pengenalan) Present participle: verb-ing (running, eating).
Past participle: bentuk lampau (written, eaten).
Digunakan sebagai adjective.
A running boy, A broken chair.
📄 Page 60 – Gerunds Gerund = verb + -ing yang digunakan sebagai noun.
Contoh:
Subjek: Swimming is good exercise.
Objek: He likes reading.
Selepas preposition: She is fond of dancing.


📄 Page 61 – Participle Phrases Participle boleh bentuk frasa.
Contoh:
Hearing the noise, he woke up.
Driven by hunger, he stole bread.
Nota: Frasa ini berfungsi sebagai adjective.
📄 Page 62 – Absolute Constructions Absolute construction: frasa bebas dengan participle.
Contoh:
The weather being fine, we went out.
God willing, we shall succeed.
Memberi latar belakang atau sebab tambahan.
📄 Page 63 – Gerund Phrases Gerund + perkataan lain → frasa noun.
Contoh:
Playing football is fun.
He is fond of reading novels.
Nota: Selalu jadi subjek atau objek.
📄 Page 64 – Difference between Gerund & Participle Gerund: -ing berfungsi sebagai noun. (Swimming is healthy.)
Participle: -ing berfungsi sebagai adjective. (Swimming boys are tired.)
📄 Page 65 – Uses of the Same Word Ada perkataan boleh jadi gerund atau participle bergantung konteks.
Contoh:
I like painting. (gerund)
A painting boy. (participle)
📄 Page 66 – The Noun Clause (Pengenalan) Noun clause = klausa yang berfungsi sebagai noun.
Contoh:
I know that he is honest.
What you said is true.
Digunakan sebagai subjek atau objek.
📄 Page 67 – Uses of Noun Clauses Sebagai subjek → What he said is true.
Sebagai objek → I know that he is honest.
Selepas preposition → I am interested in what you do.
Selepas kata adjektif → I am glad that he passed.
📄 Page 68 – The Adjective Clause (Pengenalan) Adjective clause = klausa yang berfungsi sebagai adjective.
Contoh:
The boy who is tall is my friend.
This is the book which I bought.
📄 Page 69 – Relative Pronouns dalam Adjective Clause Kata ganti relatif yang biasa digunakan: who, whom, whose, which, that.
The man who came yesterday is my uncle.
The book that you gave me is useful.
📄 Page 70 – Restrictive vs Non-restrictive Clauses Restrictive clause: penting untuk makna ayat, tiada koma.
The man who is tall is my brother.
Non-restrictive clause: hanya tambahan maklumat, guna koma.
Ali, who is tall, is my brother.


📄 Page 71 – Adverb Clauses (Pengenalan) Adverb clause = klausa yang berfungsi seperti adverb (menerangkan verb/adjective).
Contoh:
He works hard because he wants to succeed.
I will go if you come.
📄 Page 72 – Adverb Clauses of Time Menunjukkan masa sesuatu berlaku.
Penanda: when, while, after, before, since, as, till, until.
Contoh:
Wait here until I return.
I was reading when he came.
📄 Page 73 – Adverb Clauses of Place Menunjukkan tempat sesuatu berlaku.
Penanda: where, wherever.
Contoh:
He went where he was invited.
Sit wherever you like.
📄 Page 74 – Adverb Clauses of Purpose Menunjukkan tujuan.
Penanda: that, so that, in order that.
Contoh:
He ran fast so that he might catch the bus.
📄 Page 75 – Adverb Clauses of Cause or Reason Menunjukkan sebab.
Penanda: because, since, as.
Contoh:
He failed because he was careless.
📄 Page 76 – Adverb Clauses of Result or Consequence Menunjukkan akibat.
Penanda: so…that, such…that.
Contoh:
He spoke so loudly that all could hear him.
It was such a fine day that we went out.
📄 Page 77 – Adverb Clauses of Condition Menunjukkan syarat.
Penanda: if, unless, whether.
Contoh:
If it rains, we shall stay at home.
You will fail unless you work hard.
📄 Page 78 – Adverb Clauses of Concession Menunjukkan pertentangan (walaupun).
Penanda: though, although, even if.
Contoh:
Though he is poor, he is honest.
📄 Page 79 – Adverb Clauses of Comparison Menunjukkan perbandingan.
Penanda: as…as, than.
Contoh:
He is stronger than I am.
She is as tall as her brother.
📄 Page 80 – Adverb Clauses of Manner & Degree Manner: bagaimana sesuatu berlaku.
Penanda: as, as if, as though.
Contoh: He talks as if he knew everything.
Degree/Extent: tahap sesuatu.
Penanda: as far as, according as.
Contoh: You may stay here as far as you like.


📄 Page 81 – Adverb Clauses (Ringkasan) Semua jenis adverb clause boleh diringkas dengan frasa participle.
Contoh:
When he saw me, he ran away. → Seeing me, he ran away.
As he was ill, he could not come. → Being ill, he could not come.
📄 Page 82 – Simple, Compound & Complex Sentences (Pengenalan) Simple: satu klausa bebas. (He reads books.)
Compound: dua klausa bebas, dihubungkan dengan conjunction. (He came and he sat.)
Complex: satu klausa utama + satu/klausa anak. (I know that he is honest.)
📄 Page 83 – Compound Sentences Diikat dengan coordinating conjunctions:
and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.
Contoh:
He is poor but he is honest.
Work hard or you will fail.
📄 Page 84 – Complex Sentences Terdiri daripada klausa utama + subordinate clause.
Subordinate clause boleh jadi:
Noun clause → I know that he is honest.
Adjective clause → This is the book that I bought.
Adverb clause → He left because it rained.
📄 Page 85 – Transformation of Sentences (Pengenalan) Tukar ayat dari satu bentuk ke bentuk lain tanpa ubah makna.
Jenis perubahan:
Affirmative ↔ Negative
Active ↔ Passive
Direct ↔ Indirect Speech
Simple ↔ Compound ↔ Complex
📄 Page 86 – Transformation: Affirmative ↔ Negative Affirmative ke Negative → tambah perkataan not/no/never.
Contoh:
He is always punctual. → He is never late.
She is wise. → She is not foolish.
📄 Page 87 – Transformation: Interrogative ↔ Assertive Soalan boleh ditukar ke pernyataan.
Contoh:
Who does not know him? → Everyone knows him.
Is he not honest? → He is honest.
📄 Page 88 – Transformation: Exclamatory ↔ Assertive Contoh:
How beautiful is the moon! → The moon is very beautiful.
What a pity! → It is a great pity.
📄 Page 89 – Transformation: Active ↔ Passive Voice He helps me. → I am helped by him.
They will finish the work. → The work will be finished by them.
📄 Page 90 – Transformation: Direct ↔ Indirect Speech He said, “I am tired.” → He said that he was tired.
She said, “Where are you going?” → She asked where I was going.


📄 Page 91 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Compound Simple → Compound: gunakan and, but, so.
Being tired, he went to bed. → He was tired and he went to bed.
Compound → Simple: tukar ke participle phrase.
He worked hard and he succeeded. → Working hard, he succeeded.
📄 Page 92 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Complex Simple → Complex: tambah klausa.
On his arrival, we started. → When he arrived, we started.
Complex → Simple: tukar klausa ke frasa.
He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.
📄 Page 93 – Transformation: Compound ↔ Complex Compound → Complex: gantikan dengan subordinate clause.
He must work hard or he will fail. → He will fail if he does not work hard.
Complex → Compound: tukar klausa ke dua ayat mudah.
I found the pen that I had lost. → I had lost a pen and I found it.
📄 Page 94 – Synthesis of Sentences (Pengenalan) Synthesis = gabungkan dua/lebih ayat jadi satu.
Contoh:
He is honest. He is poor. → He is poor but honest.
📄 Page 95 – Synthesis with Participles Gabung ayat dengan participle.
He was tired. He went to bed. → Being tired, he went to bed.
📄 Page 96 – Synthesis with Infinitives Gabung ayat dengan infinitive (to + verb).
He wanted to pass. He worked hard. → He worked hard to pass.
📄 Page 97 – Synthesis with Noun/Phrase Tukar klausa ke noun atau frasa.
He failed because he was careless. → He failed due to carelessness.
📄 Page 98 – Synthesis with Conjunctions Gabung dengan kata hubung.
He is poor. He is honest. → He is poor but he is honest.
📄 Page 99 – Synthesis with Adverbs/Prepositions Gabung menggunakan adverb/preposition.
He failed. He was careless. → He failed through carelessness.
📄 Page 100 – Synthesis (Ringkasan) Cara gabungan utama:
Guna participle (Being tired, he slept.)
Guna infinitive (He worked hard to succeed.)
Guna kata hubung (He is poor but honest.)
Guna frasa (He failed for want of care.)

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