1 Nota Terperinci Struktur Ayat Dan Pengenalan Grammar

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Di bawah ini ialah nota terperinci muka surat 1 hingga 10 daripada buku High School English Grammar and Composition oleh Wren & Martin.
Bahagian ini adalah asas struktur ayat (Parts of Speech) dan pengenalan grammar.
📄 Page 1 – Introduction to Grammar Grammar ialah sistem dan peraturan bahasa. Ia membantu kita membina ayat yang betul dan mudah difahami.
Bahasa tanpa grammar seperti badan tanpa tulang.
📘 Definisi penting:
Grammar = susunan perkataan untuk membentuk ayat bermakna.
Tujuan: supaya penutur & pendengar memahami mesej dengan tepat.
📘 Contoh:
Salah: He going school every day.
Betul: He goes to school every day.
📌 Nota Hafalan: Grammar = aturan untuk membentuk ayat yang betul dan bermakna.
📄 Page 2 – The Sentence Sentence = sekumpulan perkataan yang menyatakan idea lengkap.
📘 Ciri-ciri ayat:
Mempunyai Subject (siapa) dan Predicate (apa yang dilakukan).
Menyampaikan fikiran lengkap.
📘 Contoh:
The boy runs.
→ Subject = The boy
→ Predicate = runs
📌 Nota Penting:
Ayat mesti bermula huruf besar & diakhiri tanda baca (. ? !)
A sentence makes complete sense.
📄 Page 3 – Kinds of Sentences (Jenis-jenis Ayat) Terdapat 4 jenis utama ayat:
1️⃣ Declarative / Assertive – Menyatakan fakta atau maklumat.
👉 She is a teacher.
2️⃣ Interrogative – Soalan.
👉 Are you happy?
3️⃣ Imperative – Arahan, permintaan, nasihat.
👉 Sit down. / Please be quiet.
4️⃣ Exclamatory – Perasaan kuat.
👉 What a beautiful day!
📌 Nota Hafalan:
D = declare
I = interrogate
I = instruct
E = express
➡️ (DIIE = senang hafal 4 jenis ayat)
📄 Page 4 – Subject and Predicate Setiap ayat terdiri daripada 2 bahagian utama:
Bahagian Fungsi Contoh Subject Siapa / apa yang dibincangkan The cat sleeps. Predicate Apa yang dikatakan tentang subjek The cat sleeps. 📘 Nota:
Subject biasanya di awal ayat.
Predicate mesti ada kata kerja (verb).
📌 Tip:
Cari kata kerja → semua sebelum itu biasanya subject.
📄 Page 5 – Parts of Speech (Bahagian Tatabahasa) Terdapat 8 bahagian utama tatabahasa:
No. Nama Fungsi Contoh 1 Noun Nama orang, tempat, benda boy, school, honesty 2 Pronoun Ganti nama he, she, it, they 3 Adjective Sifat tall, beautiful 4 Verb Kata kerja run, eat, write 5 Adverb Menerangkan kata kerja quickly, very 6 Preposition Hubung kata dengan kata in, on, at 7 Conjunction Sambung dua perkataan/ayat and, but, because 8 Interjection Seruan spontan oh!, wow!, alas! 📌 Nota Hafalan:
➡️ NAPAVPCI (Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Adverb, Verb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection)
📄 Page 6 – The Noun (Kata Nama) Noun = nama bagi orang, tempat, benda, binatang atau idea.
📘 Jenis-jenis Noun:
Proper Noun – nama khas (Ali, Malaysia)
Common Noun – nama umum (boy, country)
Collective Noun – kumpulan (team, class)
Abstract Noun – idea / kualiti (honesty, beauty)
Material Noun – bahan fizikal (gold, water)
📌 Contoh:
Ali (Proper) is a good boy (Common) with honesty (Abstract).
📄 Page 7 – The Noun: Number (Singular & Plural) Singular = satu.
Plural = lebih daripada satu.
📘 Peraturan umum:
Singular Plural Kaedah book books tambah -s box boxes tambah -es baby babies ubah -y → -ies man men ubah bentuk sheep sheep tiada perubahan 📌 Tip:
Kata berakhir dengan s, x, z, ch, sh → tambah -es.
📄 Page 8 – The Noun: Gender (Jantina) Jenis Contoh Masculine boy, king, father Feminine girl, queen, mother Common teacher, child, student Neuter table, pen, tree 📘 Nota Tambahan:
Actor – Actress
Lion – Lioness
Hero – Heroine
📌 Tip Hafalan:
Masculine ↔ Feminine biasanya tambah “-ess” (tetapi tidak semua).
📄 Page 9 – The Pronoun (Kata Ganti Nama) Pronoun menggantikan noun untuk elak pengulangan.
📘 Jenis-jenis Pronoun:
Jenis Fungsi Contoh Personal ganti nama orang I, you, he, she, they Reflexive kembali kepada diri myself, himself Demonstrative tunjuk benda this, that, those Interrogative soalan who, what, which Relative hubung ayat who, which, that Indefinite umum someone, everyone, anything 📌 Contoh:
Ali is kind. He helps others.
(He = pronoun ganti “Ali”)
📄 Page 10 – Agreement of Verb with Subject Kata kerja mesti setuju dengan subjek (singular/plural).
📘 Peraturan utama:
1️⃣ Singular subject → singular verb
He runs fast.
2️⃣ Plural subject → plural verb
They run fast.
📘 Kes khas:
Either / Neither → singular verb
👉 Either of them is ready.
Each / Every → singular verb
👉 Each student has a book.
📌 Tip Hafalan:
“One person → one verb,
Many people → plural verb.”
🎯 Kesimpulan Muka Surat 1–10
Bahagian ini membina asas grammar:
Faham struktur ayat (subject + predicate)
Kenal 8 bahagian tatabahasa (Parts of Speech)
Kuasai Noun, Pronoun, dan Subject-Verb Agreement

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