Kembara Satu Perkongsian Ilmu 9765

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Musa I of Mali
Musa depicted holding a gold coin from the 1375 Catalan Atlas.
Mansa of Mali
Reign c.1312– c.1337 (c. 25 years)
Predecessor Abubakari II
Successor Maghan Musa
Bornc. 1280
Mali EmpireDiedc. 1337 (aged 56–57)
UnknownSpouseInari KunateIssueMaghan MusaFull nameMansa MusaHouseKeita DynastyFatherFaga Laye[1]ReligionIslamMusa I (c. 1280 – c. 1337), or Mansa Musa, was the tenth Mansa, which translates to "sultan", "conqueror"[2] or "emperor",[3][4][5][6][7] of the wealthy West African Islamic Mali Empire. At the time of Musa's rise to the throne, the Mali Empire consisted of territory formerly belonging to the Ghana Empire in present-day southern Mauritania and in Melle (Mali) and the immediate surrounding areas. Musa held many titles, including "Emir of Melle", "Lord of the Mines of Wangara", "Conqueror of Ghanata" and at least a dozen others.[8] Mansa Musa conquered 24 cities, each with surrounding districts containing villages and estates.[9] During his reign, Mali may have been the largest producer of gold in the world; it was at a point of exceptional demand for the commodity. He was one of the richest people in history;[10] Time magazine reported: "There's really no way to put an accurate number on his wealth."[11]

Nomenclature

Musa Keita was referred to (and is most commonly found) as Mansa Musa in Western manuscripts and literature. His name also appears as Kankou Musa, Kankan Musa, and Kanku Musa. "Kankou" is a popular Manding female name, thus Kankou Musa reads "Musa whose mother was Kankou".

Other alternatives are Mali-Koy Kankan Musa, Gonga Musa, and the Lion of Mali.[12][13]

Lineage and accession to the throne 
Genealogy of the kings of the Mali Empire based on the chronicle of Ibn Khaldun[14]

What is known about the kings of the Malian Empire is taken from the writings of Arab scholars, including Al-Umari, Abu-sa'id Uthman ad-Dukkali, Ibn Khaldun, and Ibn Battuta. According to Ibn-Khaldun's comprehensive history of the Malian kings, Mansa Musa's grandfather was Abu-Bakr Keita (the Arabic equivalent to Bakari or Bogari, original name unknown − not the sahabiyy Abu Bakr), a nephew of Sundiata Keita, the founder of the Malian Empire as recorded through oral histories. Abu-Bakr did not ascend the throne, and his son, Musa's father, Faga Laye, has no significance in the History of Mali.[15]

Mansa Musa came to the throne through a practice of appointing a deputy when a king goes on his pilgrimage to Mecca or some other endeavor, and later naming the deputy as heir. According to primary sources, Musa was appointed deputy of Abubakari Keita II, the king before him, who had reportedly embarked on an expedition to explore the limits of the Atlantic Ocean, and never returned. The Arab-Egyptian scholar Al-Umari[16] quotes Mansa Musa as follows:

The ruler who preceded me did not believe that it was impossible to reach the extremity of the ocean that encircles the earth (meaning Atlantic), and wanted to reach that (end) and obstinately persisted in the design. So he equipped two hundred boats full of men, as many others full of gold, water and victuals sufficient enough for several years. He ordered the chief (admiral) not to return until they had reached the extremity of the ocean, or if they had exhausted the provisions and the water. They set out. Their absence extended over a long period, and, at last, only one boat returned. On our questioning, the captain said: 'Prince, we have navigated for a long time, until we saw in the midst of the ocean as if a big river was flowing violently. My boat was the last one; others were ahead of me. As soon as any of them reached this place, it drowned in the whirlpool and never came out. I sailed backwards to escape this current.' But the Sultan would not believe him. He ordered two thousand boats to be equipped for him and for his men, and one thousand more for water and victuals. Then he conferred on me the regency during his absence, and departed with his men on the ocean trip, never to return nor to give a sign of life.[17]

Musa's son and successor, Mansa Magha Keita, was also appointed deputy during Musa's pilgrimage.[18]

Islam and pilgrimage to Mecca

From the far reaches of the Mediterranean Sea to the Indus River, the faithful approached the city of Mecca. All had the same objective to worship together at the most sacred shrine of Islam, the Kaaba in Mecca. One such traveler was Mansa Musa, Sultan of Mali in Western Africa. Mansa Musa had prepared carefully for the long journey he and his attendants would take. He was determined to travel not only for his own religious fulfillment but also for recruiting teachers and leaders so that his realms could learn more of the Prophet's teachings.
–Mahmud Kati, Chronicle of the Seeker
Musa was a devout Muslim, and his pilgrimage to Mecca made him well known across northern Africa and the Middle East. To Musa, Islam was "an entry into the cultured world of the Eastern Mediterranean".[19] He would spend much time fostering the growth of the religion within his empire.

Musa made his pilgrimage between 1324 and 1325.[20][21] His procession reportedly included 60,000 men, all wearing brocade and Persian silk, including 12,000 slaves,[22] who each carried 1.8 kg (4 lb) of gold bars, and heralds dressed in silks, who bore gold staffs, organized horses, and handled bags. Musa provided all necessities for the procession, feeding the entire company of men and animals.[19] Those animals included 80 camels which each carried 23–136 kg (50–300 lb) of gold dust. Musa gave the gold to the poor he met along his route. Musa not only gave to the cities he passed on the way to Mecca, including Cairo and Medina, but also traded gold for souvenirs. It was reported that he built a mosque every Friday.[citation needed]

Musa's journey was documented by several eyewitnesses along his route, who were in awe of his wealth and extensive procession, and records exist in a variety of sources, including journals, oral accounts, and histories. Musa is known to have visited the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, Al-Nasir Muhammad, in July 1324.[23] However, Musa's generous actions inadvertently devastated the economies of the regions through which he passed. In the cities of Cairo, Medina, and Mecca, the sudden influx of gold devalued the metal for the next decade. Prices of goods and wares became greatly inflated. To rectify the gold market, on his way back from Mecca, Musa borrowed all the gold he could carry from money-lenders in Cairo at high interest. This is the only time recorded in history that one man directly controlled the price of gold in the Mediterranean.[19]

Later reign

Whenever a hero adds to the list of his exploits from conquest, Mansa Musa gives them a pair of wide trousers...The greater the number of a Dogari's exploits, the bigger the size of his trousers.

–Al-Dukhari, observation of the court of Mansa Musa in Timbuktu[24]

During his long return journey from Mecca in 1325, Musa heard news that his army had recaptured Gao. Sagmandia, one of his generals, led the endeavor. The city of Gao had been within the empire since before Sakura's reign and was an important − though often rebellious − trading center. Musa made a detour and visited the city where he received, as hostages, the two sons of the Gao king, Ali Kolon and Suleiman Nar. He returned to Niani with the two boys and later educated them at his court. When Mansa Musa returned, he brought back many Arabian scholars and architects.[25]

Construction in Mali

Musa embarked on a large building program, raising mosques and madrasas in Timbuktu and Gao. Most notably, the ancient center of learning Sankore Madrasah (or University of Sankore) was constructed during his reign.

In Niani, Musa built the Hall of Audience, a building communicating by an interior door to the royal palace. It was "an admirable Monument", surmounted by a dome and adorned with arabesques of striking colours. The wooden window frames of an upper storey were plated with silver foil; those of a lower storey with gold. Like the Great Mosque, a contemporaneous and grandiose structure in Timbuktu, the Hall was built of cut stone.

During this period, there was an advanced level of urban living in the major centers of Mali. Sergio Domian, an Italian scholar of art and architecture, wrote of this period: "Thus was laid the foundation of an urban civilization. At the height of its power, Mali had at least 400 cities, and the interior of the Niger Delta was very densely populated."[26]

Economy and education
The Djinguereber Mosque, commissioned by Mansa Musa in 1327
It is recorded that Mansa Musa traveled through the cities of Timbuktu and Gao on his way to Mecca, and made them a part of his empire when he returned around 1325. He brought architects from Andalusia, a region in Spain, and Cairo to build his grand palace in Timbuktu and the great Djinguereber Mosque that still stands today.[27]

Timbuktu soon became a center of trade, culture, and Islam; markets brought in merchants from Hausaland, Egypt, and other African kingdoms, a university was founded in the city (as well as in the Malian cities of Djenné and Ségou), and Islam was spread through the markets and university, making Timbuktu a new area for Islamic scholarship.[28] News of the Malian empire's city of wealth even traveled across the Mediterranean to southern Europe, where traders from Venice, Granada, and Genoa soon added Timbuktu to their maps to trade manufactured goods for gold.[29]

The University of Sankore in Timbuktu was restaffed under Musa's reign with jurists, astronomers, and mathematicians.[30] The university became a center of learning and culture, drawing Muslim scholars from around Africa and the Middle East to Timbuktu.

In 1330, the kingdom of Mossi invaded and conquered the city of Timbuktu. Gao had already been captured by Musa's general, and Musa quickly regained Timbuktu, built a rampart and stone fort, and placed a standing army to protect the city from future invaders.[31]

While Musa's palace has since vanished, The University and Masjid still stand in Timbuktu today.

By the end of Mansa Musa's reign, the Sankoré University had been converted into a fully staffed University with the largest collections of books in Africa since the Library of Alexandria. The Sankoré University was capable of housing 25,000 students and had one of the largest libraries in the world with roughly 1,000,000 manuscripts.[32][33]

Death
The Mali Empire at the time of Mansa Musa's death
The death date of Mansa Musa is highly debated among modern historians and the Arab scholars who recorded the history of Mali. When compared to the reigns of his successors, son Mansa Maghan (recorded rule from 1337 to 1341) and older brother Mansa Suleyman (recorded rule from 1341 to 1360), and Musa's recorded 25 years of rule, the calculated date of death is 1337.[34] Other records declare Musa planned to abdicate the throne to his son Maghan, but he died soon after he returned from Mecca in 1325.[23] According to an account by Ibn-Khaldun, Mansa Musa was alive when the city of Tlemcen in Algeria was conquered in 1337, as he sent a representative to Algeria to congratulate the conquerors on their victory.[34][13]

Footnotes


 Earthen magic and the Empire of Mali = Magia en tierra y el imperio de Mali. FISA. ISBN 9788493112417.^ Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd edn. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 455.^ Knoblock, Kathleen, "An Interview with Ibn Battuta" Archived2017-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, Primary Source Fluency Activities: World Cultures (In Sub-Saharan Africa), Shell Education, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4258-0102-1.^ Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354 Archived 2017-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, by Ibn Battuta, London 2005, p. 324, ISBN 0-415-34473-5.^ Jansen, Jan (1998). "Hot Issues: The 1997 Kamabolon Ceremony in Kangaba (Mali)". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 31 (2): 253–278. JSTOR 221083. On page 256, Jan Jansen writes: "Mansa is generally translated as 'king,' 'ruler' or 'ancestor.' The Griaulians, however, often translate mansa as 'God,' 'the divine principle' or 'priest king,' although they never argue the choice for this translation, which has an enormous impact on their analysis of the Kamabolon ceremony."^ Macbrair, Robert Maxwell, A Grammar of the Mandingo Language: With Vocabularies Archived 2017-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, London, 1873, p. 5.^ Berkin, Carol, Christopher Miller, Robert Cherny, James Gormly & Douglas Egerton, Making America – A History of the United StatesArchived 2017-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, 5th edition, Boston, 2011, p. 13. ISBN 978-0-618-47139-3.^ Goodwin 1957, p. 109.^ C. Conrad, David (1 January 2009). Empires of Medieval West Africa: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay. Infobase Publishing. p. 36-36. ISBN 1438103190. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2015.^ Thad Morgan, "This 14th-Century African Emperor Remains the Richest Person in History" Archived 2019-05-01 at the Wayback Machine, History.com, March 19, 2018^ Davidson, Jacob (July 30, 2015). "The 10 Richest People of All Time". Time. Archived from the original on August 24, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2017.^ Hunwick 1999, p. 9.^ Jump up to:a b Bell 1972, pp. 224–225.^ Levtzion 1963, p. 353.^ Levtzion 1963, pp. 341–347.^ Al-Umari 1927, Masalik al Absar fi Mamalik el-Amsar, French translation by Gaudefroy-Demombynes, Paris, Paul Geuthner, 1927, pp. 59, 74–75. See also Qalqashandi, Subh al-A'sha, V, 294.^ Mohammed Hamidullah. "Echos of What Lies Behind the 'Ocean of Fogs' in Muslim Historical Narratives". muslimheritage.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 27 June2015. (Quoting from Al-Umari 1927, q.v.)^ Levtzion 1963, p. 347.^ Jump up to:a b c Goodwin 1957, p. 110.^ Pollard, Elizabeth (2015). Worlds Together Worlds Apart. New York: W.W. Norton Company Inc. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-393-91847-2.^ Wilks, Ivor (1997). "Wangara, Akan, and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries". In Bakewell, Peter John (ed.). Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas. Aldershot: Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 7. ISBN 9780860785132.^ de Graft-Johnson, John Coleman, "Mūsā I of Mali" Archived2017-04-21 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica, 15 November 2017.^ Jump up to:a b Bell 1972, p. 224^ Mendoza, Ruben G. "Academia.edu | West African Empires, Dates: 400–1591 C. E. | Ruben G. Mendoza". Csumb.academia.edu. Retrieved 17 October 2012.^ Windsor, Rudolph R. (2011). From Babylon to Timbuktu: A History of Ancient Black Races Including the Black Hebrews (Windsor's golden series ed.). AuthorHouse. pp. 95–98. ISBN 1463411294. Archived from the original on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2017-09-05.^ Mansa Musa, African History Restored, 2008, archived from the original on 2 October 2008, retrieved 29 September 2008^ De Villiers and Hirtle, p. 70.^ De Villiers and Hirtle, p. 74.^ De Villiers and Hirtle, pp. 87–88.^ Goodwin 1957, p. 111.^ De Villiers and Hirtle, pp. 80–81.^ See: Said Hamdun & Noël King (edds.), Ibn Battuta in Black Africa.London, 1975, pp. 52–53.^ "Lessons from Timbuktu: What Mali's Manuscripts Teach About Peace | World Policy Institute". Worldpolicy.org. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.^ Jump up to:a b Levtzion 1963, pp. 349–350.
Bibliography


Bell, Nawal Morcos (1972), "The age of Mansa Musa of Mali: Problems in succession and chronology", International Journal of African Historical Studies, 5: 221–234, JSTOR 217515.De Villiers, Marq, and Sheila Hirtle. Timbuktu: Sahara’s Fabled City of Gold. Walker and Company: New York. 2007.Goodwin, A. J .H. (1957), "The Medieval Empire of Ghana", South African Archaeological Bulletin, 12: 108–112, JSTOR 3886971.Hunwick, John O. (1999), Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents, Leiden: Brill, ISBN 90-04-11207-3.Levtzion, Nehemia (1963), "The thirteenth- and fourteenth-century kings of Mali", Journal of African History, 4: 341–353, doi:10.1017/s002185370000428x, JSTOR 180027.Levtzion, Nehemia (1973), Ancient Ghana and Mali, London: Methuen, ISBN 0-8419-0431-6.Levtzion, Nehemia; John F. P. Hopkins, eds. (2000), Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press, ISBN 1-55876-241-8. First published in 1981.
External links


Ancient History Encyclopedia – Mansa Musa IHistory Channel: Mansa Moussa: Pilgrimage of Gold at archive.orgAfrican Legends pageMansa Musa, from Black History Pages
Regnal titles
Preceded by Abubakari II
Mansa of the Mali Empire 1312–1337
Succeeded by Maghan


vteMansas of the Mali EmpireSundiata (c. 1235 – c. 1255)Uli I (1255–70)Wati (1270–74)Khalifa (1274-75)Abu Bakr I (1275–85)Sakoura (1285–1300)Gao (1300–05)Mohammed ibn Gao (1305–10)Abu Bakr II (1310–12)Musa I (1312–37)Maghan I (1337–41)Suleyman (1341–60)Kassa (1360)Mari Djata II of Mali (1360–74)Musa II of Mali (1374–87)Maghan II (1387–89)Sandaki (1389–90)Maghan III a.k.a. Mahmud I (1390–1400)Musa III (1400–c. 1440)Uli II (c. 1440–81)Mahmud II (1481–96)Mahmud III (1496–1559)vacantMahmud IV (1590s–1600s)Mali portalIslam portalMonarchy portalHistory portalBiography portal
Authority control  ISNI: 0000 0000 4243 9696 LCCN: n96040990 VIAF: 1733517 
WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 1733517
Categories: 
1280s births1337 deathsMali EmpireMansas of MaliGuinean philanthropistsMedieval Islamic travel writersKeita family14th-century monarchs in AfricaHistory of Mali
CnP from:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_I_of_Mali


Gunther Holtorf, 2015Gunther Holtorf

Gunther W. Holtorf is a German traveler who, often in company of his partner Christine, journeyed approximately 560,000 mi (900,000 km)[1][2] across the world in his G-Wagen Mercedes Benz named "Otto", visiting 215 countries in 26 years.[3]

Travels

Holtorf had a lengthy career with Lufthansa beginning in 1958,[4] and eventually became an overseas representative; he was later a managing director at Hapag-Lloyd.[5] He developed a love of travel while working in Argentina.[5] In 1989, Holtorf left his job to take an on-the-road journey, beginning with the idea of spending 18 months discovering the African countryside in his 1988 G-Wagen.[6][7] He was accompanied on this initial trip by his third wife Beate, and after their divorce embarked on another leg with companion Christine beginning in 1990.[3] The couple subsequently traveled a few months out of most years, with a hiatus in 2000 and most of 2001, until picking up intensity in 2005 and beginning to travel almost non-stop throughout the year. After Christine developed cancer, her son Martin sometimes took her place as Holtorf's traveling companion, beginning in 2007. After her final trip in May 2009, Christine settled in Bavaria, where the couple wed several weeks before her death in June 2010. Holtorf resumed traveling with Martin or with Elke Dreweck until 2014.

For the first five years, Holtorf and his companion traveled through Africa, thereafter shipping the car to South America to continue their journeys there.[3] Through subsequent years, they traveled upwards through Central America, the United States and Canada before traveling south again and shipping the car to Australia and Asia and through the Caribbean and into other regions of the world. By the end of the voyage, Holtorf had driven through 179 countries in 26 years. In some countries Otto was the first personal car permitted belonging to a foreigner,[8] and Holtorf was the first Westerner to drive in North Korea.[7][9][10]

Holtorf traveled inexpensively, avoiding hotels and sleeping in the car, from which the rear seats were removed, or in hammocks pitched near it, supporting his trips by map making.[7][11] His map of Jakarta, begun before his voyages in 1977 but updated during them, is the first detailed map of the city.[8] As of 2001, it was 385 pages long.[12] Holtorf has also extensively photographed his voyage.[6] His car is displayed in the Mercedes museum in Stuttgart.[8][11]

Works


1970 - Hong Kong - Welt Der Gegensätze published in English as Hong Kong - World of Contrasts (translator Donna Silberberg)1977 - Jakarta-Jabotabek Street Atlas and Names Index, first published as a folded map and subsequently expanded in many editions such as the 12th edition of 2001, which was a book of 385 pages.[12]
See also

List of travelers

References


 "Ein Mann und sein Geländewagen: 26 Jahre auf Weltreise". Der Spiegel. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2015.^ Perring, Rebecca (24 October 2014). "Adventurer finishes his intrepid 25-year drive around the globe in 'Otto' the Mercedes". Daily Express. Retrieved 25 April 2015.^ Jump up to:a b c Mulvey, Stephen (9 October 2014). "Gunther, Christine and Otto". BBC News. Retrieved 25 April 2015.^ "Gunther Holtorf, Ex-Lufthansa-Manager Abenteurer und Weltreisender". Bayerischer Rundfunk. 28 February 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.^ Jump up to:a b "Gunther Holtorf tours Sri Lanka in 1988 Mercedes-Benz 300 GD". Daily FT. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2015.^ Jump up to:a b "Gunther Holtorf's 23-year road trip". BBC News Magazine. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2015.^ Jump up to:a b c Seminara, Dave (7 January 2013). "The World's Greatest Traveler: A 1988 Mercedes That Has Been to 172 Countries". Outside. Retrieved 25 April 2015.^ Jump up to:a b c "215 countries, 26 years and one engine". The Local. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2015.^ "Coppia tedesca viaggia per 26 anni, 177 paesi e 550 mila miglia con un Mercedes Classe G". Vanilla Magazine. October 17, 2014.^ Browne, David. "A Record-Breaking Road Trip Across the World". Men's Journal. February 11, 2015.^ Jump up to:a b Amey, Katie (15 October 2014). "Adventurer finally finishes 24-year road trip after driving 556,000 miles across 215 countries ... in the SAME Mercedes". Daily Mail. Retrieved 25 April 2015.^ Jump up to:a b Eyerly, David (26 August 2001). "Gunther W. Holtorf still putting Jakarta on the map". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
External links


Gunther, Christine and Otto, How a man met a woman and they set off on an epic journey across six continents in one amazing unbreakable carGerman man drives Mercedes G-Wagen on 557k-mile, 26-year road tripGunther Holtorf completes 884,000km world tour in a Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen
Cnp: 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunther_Holtorf

Kisah Lelaki Yang Mengembara Selama 26 Tahun Mengelilingi Dunia
by Oh! Semput
Posted on 20 Mar 2019 09:01:15


Apabila Gunther Holtorf yang melakukan perjalanan selama 18 bulan ke Afrika pada tahun 1988, dia tidak menyangka perjalanannya akan berlangsung selama hampir tiga dekad sejauh 556,000 batu yang merangkumi 215 negara dengan kereta lamanya - a 'Otto' Mercedes Benz G Wagon. Perjalanan itu setara dengan membuat dua perjalanan dari bumi ke bulan! 

Semuanya bermula pada 26 tahun yang lalu, ketika Gunther berhenti berkhidmat 30 tahun di Lufthansa, berjumpa dengan isteri keempatnya Christine. Mereka bersama-sama  menerjang sepanjang jalan ke Afrika, jalan berlubang dan jalan kerikil dari kampung halaman mereka di Bavaria. Selepas memandu lebih dari 62.000 batu di seluruh benua dan menderita lima serangan malaria, mereka mengambil keputusan untuk teruskannya. 

Pasangan itu membuang dua tempat duduk belakang kereta untuk membuat ruang untuk tilam dan ruang penyimpanan untuk pakaian, makanan, peralatan, alat ganti dan perkakas dapur. Mereka  melalui Amerika Selatan, Amerika Utara, Asia, Australia dan Eropah, bersama kereta mereka di mana sahaja mereka pergi. Malah, mereka menganggap kereta kesayangan mereka sebagai ahli ketiga dari keluarga mereka. 
Pasangan itu berjaya melakukan perjalanan mereka menggunakan wang yang sedikit yang mereka  menabung - mereka membeli makanan dari pasaran tempatan dan tidur di dalam trak mereka. "Sponsor dari pihak tertentu sentiasa ditawarkan, tetapi penajaan mereka tidak pernah percuma," jelas Gunther. "Saya tidak pergi ke hotel atau restoran. Tidak sama sekali. Kami hanya membeli-belah di pasaran tempatan dan menyediakan makanan kami sendiri."

"Saya bertemu dengan begitu ramai orang yang berkata mereka mahu melakukan apa yang kami lakukan, tetapi apabila kami menceritakan segala, mereka berkata:". Saya perlu gulungan roti dan kopi panas pada waktu pagi dan pancuran mandi peribadi dan akhbar 'mereka tidak sanggup;

Kita harus menanggung dan menyekat diri kita sendiri. Kadang-kadang kita hidup dalam keadaan yang sangat menyedihkan. Ia memerlukan banyak kesabaran." Mereka tidak mempunyai telefon bimbit, tidak ada blog, Facebook atau laman Twitter untuk mendokumentasikan perjalanan epik mereka. 
Apabila Christine meninggal dunia akibat kanser pada 2010, Gunther memutuskan untuk meneruskan pejalanan, dengan gambar yang tergantung di cermin pandang belakang truk." saya  tidak akan lupakan beliau dan melakukan apa yang saya lakukan bagi pihak beliau," katanya. Menariknya, walaupun Gunther dan Christine ingin menikah, tetapi mereka tidak ada masa - mereka terlalu sibuk dengan perjalanan mereka. Mereka hanya mampu untuk mengikat janji, dua minggu sebelum Christine meninggal dunia. 

Beberapa bulan selepas kematiannya, anak Christine Martin menyertai Gunther dalam perjalanan yang jauh ke Sri Lanka, China, dan Korea Utara. Pada tahun 2012, Gunther menemui sahabat baru - berusia 45 tahun, Elke Dreweck, yang mengambil masa selama setahun mengembara dan menyertai beliau untuk perjalanan ke Jepun. Gunther, kini 77 tahun, akhirnya mengakhiri perjalanan epiknya tahun ini di Gerbang Brandenburg di Berlin sebelum kembali ke rumahnya di Bavaria. "Semakin banyak yang telah ditempuh, semakin banyak anda menyedari betapa sedikitnya yang anda telah lihat," katanya setelah ketibaan beliau. 
Sumber:
http://whareotiv.com

Kisah Mansa Musa, Raja Muslim yang jadi Orang Terkaya Dunia Sepanjang Sejarah
Senin, 18 Maret 2019 06:00
Reporter : Harwanto Bimo Pratomo
Mansa Musa I dari Mali. ©YouTube
Merdeka.com - CEO Amazon Jeff Bezos boleh jadi orang terkaya sejagat saat ini dengan kekayaan mencapai USD 118 miliar atau setara Rp 1.683 triliun (asumsi Rp 14.269 per USD). Namun, dia masih jauh jika dibandingkan dengan raja Musa I dari Mali, yang disebut sebagai orang terkaya sepanjang sejarah. 
Dilansir dari Business Insider, Time menyebut kekayaan Musa I tak bisa dikalahkan oleh orang terkaya manapun, baik yang tercatat maupun tidak. "Tidak ada hitungan angka pasti mengenai jumlah kekayaan Musa," ujar penulis Time Jacob Davidson.
Mansa Musa (Mansa yang berarti raja atau sultan) memerintah Mali pada abad ke-14. Di mana, wilayah kekuasaannya saat itu dipenuhi sumber kekayaan alam yang melimpah, yang didominasi oleh emas.
Mansa Musa juga dikenal sebagai pemimpin militer yang sukses. Selama memerintah, dia berhasil menundukkan 24 kota. Jika disetarakan dengan peta dunia saat ini, wilayah kekuasaanya meliputi Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, dan Chad. Kekuasaannya meluas secara mengagumkan yang diperkirakan mencapai 2.000 mil. Dia juga berhasil menyatukan Timbuktu dan merebut kembali kekuasaan dari Gao.
Kekayaan Musa baru dikenal oleh dunia pada saat raja muslim ini melakukan perjalanan haji ke kota Mekkah pada tahun 1324. Pada perjalanannya saat itu, Mansa Musa membawa ribuan rombongan yang membawa tumpukan emas dan membagi-bagikannya pada kaum miskin yang ditemui selama perjalanan. "Dia membawa karavan sebanyak mata bisa memandang," tulis Smith. Mansa Musa dilaporkan membawa 60.000 karavan atau kereta kuda yang meliputi 1.000 orang, 100 unta pembawa emas, pemusik pribadi raja, dan 500 budak yang juga membawa emas.
Sejarahwan, Ibn Khaldun, yang mewawancarai salah satu peserta perjalanan Mansa Musa mengatakan di setiap perhentiannya dia akan memberi makanan langka. Peralatan kebutuhan pribadinya bahwa dibawakan oleh 12.000 budak wanita yang memakai gaun dan sutra Yaman. "Mansa Musa juga tidak pelit atau kikir. Dia akan menyumbang kepada setiap orang miskin yang ditemui. Saat dia berhenti di Kairo, dia memberikan emas berlimpah pada orang miskin yang langsung menyebabkan inflasi di Mesir," tuturnya. Dengan kekayaannya tersebut, Mansa Musa tidak lagi memikirkan emas. Apa yang diinginkannya ialah membantu membangun bangsa sebagai amanah agamanya. Dia membangun sekolah, masjid, dan universitas besar di Timbuktu saat itu. Dia juga membangun masjid bersejarah di Timbuktu yang masih berdiri hingga saat ini yakni Djinguereber.
Sejarahwan, Chris Strobel, menulis perjalanan haji Mansa Musa saat itu tersebut mengubah pandangan bangsa Eropa dalam melihat Mali menjadi sebuah negara kaya, megah, dan maju. Pandangan inilah yang membuat bangsa Portugis melakukan penjajahan ke kerajaan Mali pada abad ke-15. Mansa Musa naik takhta pada 1312. Pada saat itu, kebanyakan negara Eropa sedang mengalami krisis emas dan perak. Sementara, kerajaan Afrika justru memiliki pasokan melimpah. Memerintah selama 25 tahun, orang terkaya sepanjang sejarah ini menghembuskan nafas terakhirnya pada tahun 1337. Sang Putra, Maghan I, pun meneruskan pemerintahannya. "Peninggalan kekayaan sang raja masih bertahan hingga saat ini, seperti makam, perpustakaan, dan masjid megah yang menjadi bagian sejarah kekayaan kerajaan Mali." [bim] 

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Sumber:
https://www.merdeka.com/uang/kisah-mansa-musa-raja-muslim-yang-jadi-orang-terkaya-dunia-sepanjang-sejarah.html

“Mereka akan mati beramai ramai dan secara tiba tiba”
Wrote by Mrejoy  February 19, 2020 
ssalamualaikum dan salam sejahtera. 
Baru baru ini, Malaysia dikejutkan dengan pemergian Arwah Abam Bocey. Dan semalam, kita dkejutkan dengan pemergian Ashraf Sinclair. Itu yang kita nampak dan tahu (kerana kedua mereka sangat dikenali umum). Tapi tahukah kalian semua yang sebenarnya, banyak lagi kematian yang berlaku dalam masa terdekat ini? Cuma kita je yang tak tahu.
Bila berlaku keadaan macam ini, aku teringat satu ceramah seorang ustaz ini yang menceritakan tentang keadaan suatu zaman ini. Yang mana, dalam zaman itu, manusia ini akan mati secara beramai ramai dan secara tiba tiba.
Kata dia, ibarat macam ini, semalam kita duduk bergelak ketawa, bergurau senda, tup tup hari ini meninggal. Atau, baru sekejap kita bergurau senda berbual kosong dengan seorang rakan tahu tahu lepas itu meninggal.
Sambung cerita ustaz ini lagi, dia minta kita bayangkan, sekandang kambing, penuh. Tahu tahu esok, 1 kandang tu mati. Sampai pemilik pun tak tahu kenapa kambing kambing dia mati. Mati secara beramai ramai dan secara tiba tiba.
Ustaz tu tak beritahu pula bila zaman ini Cuma apa yang disampaikan akan tiba 1 zaman itu (zaman yang diceritakan di atas). Kematian itu akan jadi berita utama. Orang akan bercerita pasal kematian sahaja.
Kalau dahulu, mereka yang meninggal dunia, kalau tidak sakit tua, meninggal kerana sakit teruk atau kemalangan. Tapi dia kata, dalam zaman itu, orang yang sihat pun boleh jadi sampai ajalnya. Meninggal tidak mengira umur. Tahu tahu kita dapat berita, ada orang meninggal dunia.
Bila tengok balik keadaan sekarang, bila buka sahaja facebook, boleh kata setiap masa aku akan baca mengenai kematian. Kematian keluarga, saudara, rakan taulan, macam macam. Dah jadi macam berita utama yang kena baca bila buka media sosial ni.
Yang lebih merisaukan aku adalah, adakah kita dah memasuki zaman tersebut? Kita memang tak boleh tahan masa daripada bergerak Cuma apa yang boleh kita buat adalah berubah. Kata ustaz itu, kalau dulu kita tak pernah nak kenal tuhan, ada baiknya kita mulai kenal. Sebab bukan kata kita takut dengan zaman tersebut, tetapi kita wajib kenal tuhan.
Nak tidur jangan lupa mengucap. Nak buat apa sahaja, ingat tuhan dan jangan lepas daripada menyebut nama tuhan. Mulai cari siapa tuhan kamu. Kerana tak siapa tahu bila ajal mereka. Mungkin lama lagi, mungkin sekejap lagi. Sebab itu kena bersedia setiap masa.
Sesamalah kita beringat. insyaAllah, semoga kita semua di tetapkan iman yang kuat di dalam hati. Aamiin.
Sumber:http://www.mrejoy.com/2020/02/mereka-akan-mati-beramai-ramai-dan-tiba-tiba.html
Kolektor Mobil Mewah Abu Dhabi Rakit Mobil SUV Nyentrik Berukuran RaksasaKamis, 14 Maret 2019 08:00Reporter : Tantri Setyorini Dhabiyan, SUV raksasa milik Sheikh Hamad bin Hamdan Al Nahyan ©2019 Instagram/shhamadbinhamdan
Merdeka.com - Sheikh Hamad bin Hamdan Al Nahyan adalah konglomerat eksentrik asal Abu Dhabi, Uni Emirat Arab. Pria yang gemar mengoleksi mobil mewah ini dikenal dengan julukan Rainbow Sheikh. Pasalnya dia sempat membuat publik heboh dengan memamerkan Mercedes S-class yang dicat dengan warna pelangi.
Kali ini Rainbow Sheikh kembali menggemparkan publik dengan mobil mewah terbarunya. Sebuah perpaduan antara truk militer dan Jeep yang disulap menjadi mobil SUV terbesar di dunia. Dhabiyan, SUV raksasa milik Sheikh Hamad bin Hamdan Al Nahyan ©2019 Instagram/shhamadbinhamdan

Dilansir Oddity Central, kendaraan super panjang ini diberi nama Dhabiyan. Kendaraan dengan 10 roda ini merupakan hibrida truk militer Oshkosh M1075 dengan Jeep Wrangler yang dianeksasi sebagai kabin pengemudi. Ditenagai oleh mesin diesel Caterpillar C15 600hp, 15,2 liter, 6 silinder, memiliki berat 24 ton, panjang 10,8m, lebar 2,5 meter, dan tinggi 3,2 meter. Dhabiyan dilaporkan dirancang dan dirakit oleh Sheikh Hamad bin Hamdan Al Nahyan sendiri. Dhabiyan, SUV raksasa milik Sheikh Hamad bin Hamdan Al Nahyan ©2019 Instagram/shhamadbinhamdan

SUV raksasa itu baru-baru ini diluncurkan di sebuah pameran otomotif yang digelar di Sharjah. Biaya produksinya masih dirahasiakan.
Dhabiyan cuma satu dari sekian banyak mobil mahal yang dikoleksi Sheikh Hamad bin Hamdan Al Nahyan. Kendaraan-kendaraan seharga jutaan dolar tersebut dipamerkannya lewat akun Instagram. [tsr]
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Sumber:
https://www.merdeka.com/gaya/kolektor-mobil-mewah-abu-dhabi-rakit-mobil-suv-nyentrik-berukuran-raksasa.html

Putus Sekolah & Pernah Jadi Office Boy, Bos Zara Kini Orang Terkaya ke-6 Dunia
Selasa, 12 Maret 2019 07:00
Reporter : Merdeka
Amancio Ortega. CNBC©2015
Merdeka.com - Mayoritas kaum milenial mungkin mengenal merek fesyen Zara. Fesyen kelas atas yang banyak digandrungi wanita muda ini sukses hampir di seluruh dunia, termasuk Indonesia.

Ternyata, orang di balik Zara adalah seorang kakek berusia 82 tahun bernama Amancio Ortega. Namanya memang tidak begitu dikenal seperti orang terkaya lainnya, karena dia sedikit tertutup pada media.

Diketahui, Ortega pernah mengalahkan Bill Gates dalam urusan harta kekayaan. Orang terkaya ke-6 di dunia ini saat ini memiliki kekayaan sebesar USD 62,7 miliar atau sekitar Rp 896,3 triliun (kurs USD 1=Rp 14.294), seperti dikutip dari Business Insider.

Ortega mengelola 59 persen saham Inditex, distributor fesyen terbesar yang memiliki merek Zara, Pull & Bear, Bershka, Massimo Dutti, dan Stradivarius. Pada 2015 lalu, kekayaannya pernah mencapai USD 80 miliar atau sekitar Rp 1.143,5 triliun, mengalahkan Bill Gates.

Sebagai orang terkaya ke-6 di dunia, dia memiliki Global Express BD-700, jet privat yang didesain oleh Bombardier. Harga jetnya juga fantastis sekitar USD 45 juta atau Rp 643,2 miliar.

Tidak hanya itu, dia juga punya aset real estate di Madrid, yaitu Picasso Tower dan Cepsa Tower yang bernilai USD 500 jutaan, Epic Residences and Hotel di Miami seharga USD 536 juta, bangunan di sekitar pantai Miami senilai USD 370 juta, dan bangunan bersejarah EV Haughwout Building di New York seharga USD 145 juta.

Ortega lahir di daerah Barat Laut Spanyol pada tahun 1936. Ayahnya adalah pegawai kereta api dan ibunya seorang ibu rumah tangga. Ortega terpaksa harus berhenti sekolah lantaran ayahnya dimutasi.

Pada usia 14 tahun, dia bekerja sebagai office boy di sebuah pabrik baju di La Coruna. Kariernya kemudian naik menjadi pembantu penjahit saat itu.

Ortega kemudian mulai menjahit baju, dibantu dengan saudara dan calon istrinya, Rosalia Mera, pada awal tahun 1960-an. Pada tahun 1975, Ortega dan Mera membuka toko Zara pertama mereka di La Coruna. Sepuluh tahun kemudian, Ortega bergabung dengan Inditex dan bisnisnya makin besar hingga sekarang.

Ortega dan istri barunya (setelah bercerai dari Mera), Flora, tinggal di tempat tertutup di La Coruna, Spanyol, dekat dengan Samudera Atlantik. Dia dikenal sebagai orang yang tidak suka mengumbar kehidupan pribadinya.

Pada 2012, Bloomberg menyatakan Ortega hanya memberikan kesempatan wawancara pada tiga jurnalis.

Reporter: Athika Rahma
Sumber: Liputan6.com [idr]

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Sumber:
https://www.merdeka.com/uang/putus-sekolah-pernah-jadi-office-boy-bos-zara-kini-orang-terkaya-ke-6-dunia.html

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